Haptic Technology
In
Surgical Simulation and Medical Training.
A touch revolution………
ABSTRACT
Engineering as it finds its wide range of application in every field not an exception even the medical field. One of the technologies which aid the surgeons to perform even the most complicated surgeries successfully is Virtual Reality.
Even though virtual reality is employed to carry out operations the surgeon’s attention is one of the most important parameter. If he commits any mistakes it may lead to a dangerous end. So, one may think of a technology that reduces the burdens of a surgeon by providing an efficient interaction to the surgeon than VR. Now our dream came to reality by means of a technology called “HAPTIC TECHNOLOGY”.
Haptic is the “science of applying tactile sensation to human interaction with computers”. In our paper we have discussed the basic concepts behind haptic along with the haptic devices and how these devices are interacted to produce sense of touch and force feedback mechanisms. Also the implementation of this mechanism by means of haptic rendering and contact detection were discussed.
We mainly focus on ‘Application of Haptic Technology in Surgical Simulation and Medical Training’. Further we explained the storage and retrieval of haptic data while working with haptic devices. Also the necessity of haptic data compression is illustrated.
Haptic Technology
Introduction:
Haptic, is the term derived from the Greek word, haptesthai, which means ‘to touch’. Haptic is defined as the “science of applying tactile sensation to human interaction with computers”. It enables a manual interaction with real, virtual and remote environment. Haptic permits users to sense (“feel”) and manipulate three-dimensional virtual objects with respect to such features as shape, weight, surface textures, and temperature.
A Haptic Device is one that involves physical contact between the computer and the user. By using Haptic devices, the user can not only feed information to the computer but can receive information from the computer in the form of a felt sensation on some part of the body. This is referred to as a Haptic interface.
In our paper we explain the basic concepts of ‘Haptic Technology and its Application in Surgical Simulation and Medical Training’.
Haptic Devices:
Force feedback is the area of haptics that deals with devices that interact with the muscles and tendons that give the human a sensation of a force being applied—hardware and software that stimulates humans’ sense of touch and feel through tactile vibrations or force feedback.
These devices mainly consist of robotic manipulators that push back against a user with the forces that correspond to the environment that the virtual effector’s is in. Tactile feedback makes use of devices that interact with the nerve endings in the skin to indicate heat, pressure, and texture. These devices typically have been used to indicate whether or not the user is in contact with a virtual object. Other tactile feedback devices have been used to stimulate the texture of a virtual object.
PHANToM and CyberGrasp are some of the examples of Haptic Devices.
PHANToM:
A small robot arm with three revolute joints each connected to a computer-controlled electric DC motor. The tip of the device is attached to a stylus that is held by the user. By sending appropriate voltages to the motors, it is possible to exert up to 1.5 pounds of force at the tip of the stylus, in any direction.
CYBER GRASP:
The CyberGlove is a lightweight glove with flexible sensors that
accurately measure the position and movement of the fingers and wrist. The CyberGrasp, from Immersion Corporation, is an exoskeleton device that fits over a 22 DOF CyberGlove, providing force feedback. The CyberGrasp is used in conjunction with a position tracker to measure the position and orientation of the fore arm in three-dimensional space.
Haptic Rendering:
It is a process of applying forces to the user through a force-feedback device. Using haptic rendering, we can enable a user to touch, feel and manipulate virtual objects. Enhance a user’s experience in virtual environment. Haptic rendering is process of displaying synthetically generated 2D/3D haptic stimuli to the user. The haptic interface acts as a two-port system terminated on one side by the human operator and on the other side by the virtual environment.
Contact Detection
A fundamental problem in haptics is to detect contact between the virtual objects and the haptic device (a PHANToM, a glove, etc.). Once this contact is reliably detected, a force corresponding to the interaction physics is generated and rendered using the probe. This process usually runs in a tight servo loop within a haptic rendering system.
Another technique for contact detection is to generate the surface contact point (SCP), which is the closest point on the surface to the actual tip of the probe. The force generation can then happen as though the probe were physically at this location rather than within the object. Existing methods in the literature generate the SCP by using the notion of a god-object, which forces the SCP to lie on the surface of the virtual object.
APPLICATIONS OF HAPTIC TECHNOLOGY:
Haptic Technology as it finds it wide range of Applications some among them were mentioned below:
1. Surgical simulation & Medical training.
2. Physical rehabilitation.
3. Training and education.
4. Museum display.
5. Painting, sculpting and CAD
6. Scientific Visualization.
7. Military application.
8. Entertainment.
The role of Haptic Technology in “Surgical Simulation and Medical
Training” is discussed in detail below.
SURGICAL SIMULATION AND MEDICAL TRAINING:
Haptic is usually classified as:-
Human haptics: human touch perception and manipulation.
Machine haptics: concerned with robot arms and hands.
Computer haptics: concerned with computer mediated.
A primary application area for haptics has been in surgical simulation and medical training. Haptic rendering algorithms detect collisions between surgical instruments and virtual organs and render organ-force responses to users through haptic interface devices. For the purpose of haptic rendering, we’ve conceptually divided minimally invasive surgical tools into two generic groups based on their functions.
1. Long, thin, straight probes for palpating or puncturing the tissue and for injection (puncture and injection needles and palpation probes)
2. Articulated tools for pulling, clamping, gripping, and cutting soft tissues (such as biopsy and punch forceps, hook scissors, and grasping forceps).
A 3D computer model of an instrument from each group (a probe from the first group and a forceps from the second) and their behavior in a virtual environment is shown. During real-time simulations, the 3D surface models of the probe and forceps is used to provide the user with realistic visual cues. For the purposes of haptic rendering of tool–tissue interactions, a ray-based rendering, in which the probe and forceps are modeled as connected line segments. ‘Modeling haptic interactions between a probe and objects using this line-object collision detection and response has several advantages over existing point based techniques, in which only the tip point of a haptic device is considered for touch interactions’.
Grouping of surgical instruments for simulating tool–tissue interactions.
Group A includes long, thin, straight probes.
Group B includes tools for pulling, clamping, and cutting soft tissue.
· Users feel torques if a proper haptic device is used. For example, the user can feel the coupling moments generated by the contact forces at the instrument tip and forces at the trocar pivot point.
· Users can detect side collisions between the simulated tool and 3D models of organs.
· Users can feel multiple layers of tissue if the ray representing the simulated surgical probe is virtually extended to detect collisions with an organ’s internal layers. This is especially useful because soft tissues are typically layered, each layer has different material properties, and the forces/torques reflected to the user depends on the laparoscopic tool’s orientation.
· Users can touch and feel multiple objects simultaneously. Because laparoscopic instruments are typically long slender structures and interact with multiple objects (organs, blood vessels, surrounding tissue, and so on) during a MIS (Minimally Invasive Surgery), ray-based rendering provides a more natural way than a purely point-based rendering of tool-tissue interactions. To simulate haptic interactions between surgical material held by a laparoscopic tool (for example, a catheter, needle, or suture) and a deformable body (such as an organ or vessel), a combination of point- and ray-based haptic rendering methods are used.
In case of a catheter insertion task shown above, the surgical tools using line segments and the catheter using a set of points uniformly distributed along the catheter’s center line and connected with springs and dampers. Using our point based haptic rendering method; the collisions between the flexible catheter and the inner surface of a flexible vessel are detected to compute interaction forces.
The concept of distributed particles can be used in haptic rendering of organ–organ interactions (whereas a single point is insufficient for simulating organ–organ interactions, a group of points, distributed around the contact region, can be used) and other minimally invasive procedures, such as bronchoscope and colonoscopy, involving the insertion of a flexible material into a tubular body .
Deformable objects:
One of the most important components of computer based surgical simulation and training systems is the development of realistic organ-force models. A good organ-force model must reflect stable forces to a user, display smooth deformations, handle various boundary conditions and constraints, and show physics-based realistic behavior in real time. Although the computer graphics community has developed sophisticated models for real-time simulation of deformable objects, integrating tissue properties into these models has been difficult. Developing real-time and realistic organ-force models is challenging because of viscoelasticity, anisotropy, nonlinearity, rate, and time dependence in material properties of organs. In addition, soft organ tissues are layered and nonhomogeneous.
Tool–tissue interactions generate dynamical effects and cause nonlinear contact interactions of one organ with the others, which are quite difficult to simulate in real time. Furthermore, simulating surgical operations such as cutting and coagulation requires frequently updating the organ geometric database and can cause force singularities in the physics-based model at the boundaries. There are currently two main approaches for developing force-reflecting organ models:
1. Particle-based methods.
2. Finite-element methods (FEM).
In particle-based models, an organ’s nodes are connected to each other with springs and dampers. Each node (or particle) is represented by its own position, velocity, and acceleration and moves under the influence of forces applied by the surgical instrument.
In finite-element modeling, the geometric model of an organ is divided into surface or volumetric elements, properties of each element are formulated, and the elements are assembled together to compute the deformation states of the organ for the forces applied by the surgical instruments.
Capture, Storage, and Retrieval of Haptic Data:
The newest area in haptic is the search for optimal methods for the description, storage, and retrieval of moving-sensor data of the type generated by haptic devices. This
techniques captures the hand or finger movement of an expert performing a skilled movement and “play it back,” so that a novice can retrace the expert’s path, with realistic touch sensation; The INSITE system is capable of providing instantaneous comparison of two users with respect to duration, speed, acceleration, and thumb and finger forces.
Techniques for recording and playing back raw haptic data have been developed for the PHANToM and CyberGrasp. Captured data include movement in three dimensions, orientation, and force (contact between the probe and objects in the virtual environment).
Haptic Data Compression:
Haptic data compression and evaluation of the perceptual impact of lossy compression of haptic data are further examples of uncharted waters in haptics research.
Data about the user's interaction with objects in the virtual environment must be continually refreshed if they are manipulated or deformed by user input. If data are too bulky relative to available bandwidth and computational resources, there will be improper registration between what the user sees on screen and what he “feels.”
On analyzing data obtained experimentally from the PHANToM and the CyberGrasp, exploring compression techniques, starting with simple approaches (similar to those used in speech coding) and continuing with methods that are more specific to the haptic data. One of two lossy methods to compress the data may be employed: One approach is to use a lower sampling rate; the other is to note small changes during movement. For example, for certain grasp motions not all of the fingers are involved.
Further, during the approaching and departing phase tracker data may be more useful than the CyberGrasp data. Vector coding may prove to be more appropriate to encode the time evolution of a multi-featured set of data such as that provided by the CyberGrasp. For cases where the user employs the haptic device to manipulate a static object, compression techniques that rely on knowledge of the object may be more useful than the coding of an arbitrary trajectory in three-dimensional space.
We finally conclude that Haptic Technology is the only solution which provides high range of interaction that cannot be provided by BMI or virtual reality. Whatever the technology we can employ, touch access is important till now. But, haptic technology has totally changed this trend. We are sure that this technology will make the future world as a sensible one.
REFRENCES:
1. http://haptic.mech.nwu.edu
2. http://www.webopedia.com/TERM/H/haptic.html
3. http://www.stanford.edu/dept/news/report/news/2003/april2/haptics-42.html
4. http://www.utoronto.ca/atrc/rd/vrml/haptics.html
5. http://www.caip.rutgers.edu/~bouzit/lrp/glove.html
6. http://www.haptics-e.org/vol_02/he-v2n2.pdf
sir, how can i download this papers, please send it to my mail: pramodh.kumar69@gmail.com
ReplyDeleteToday world is driven by his comment is here, and retail industry is catching up with all the new technologies to keep up their sales and customer satisfaction. There is no stopping now. Sky is the limit.
ReplyDeleteWhen selling new, disruptive technology, you're up against a number of challenges, even though what you offer upsets the game. Many entrepreneurial companies have brought extraordinary, world-changing technology to market yet failed because they ignored these five secrets. Read on to learn how you can successfully sell your new, disruptive technology. antminer u3 tutorial
ReplyDeleteThis comment has been removed by the author.
ReplyDeleteMy experience with both card and board games has changed as I've aged. As a child, I played Gin Rummy, 500 Rummy and Monopoly. In college, I learned to play Bridge which was a lot more challenging. When my children were small, I played Old Maid and simple board games. As a senior citizen, I play them all, but always with different friends or family members. And each game at each age has been different but (almost) always enjoyable. JurusQQ
ReplyDeleteTechnology has made life easier and enjoyable. The communication world has continued bringing cell phones and gadgets that combine a variety of important activities together. The transport industry recently comprises fast airplanes, automobiles, motorcycles, bicycles and many other powerful machines. Instead of sending letters, which used to take long, e-mails, Skype, Google talk, yahoo messenger, Facebook, and many live-chat mechanisms have taken communication to another level. At the moment, technological advancements have continued in areas of computers, business, medicine, aviation, food processing and others. But, how does nature fare when technology is in action? Will technology eventually supersede nature? energy resources
DeleteWhole house water filters might just be the best thing you can buy for your health and your pocketbook! With a whole house water filter you only have to change one filter. Also, you have to pay for installation of only one device. But which type should you buy? Read this article to find out. home reverse osmosis systems
ReplyDeleteDo you want to increase your return on investment (ROI) on technology projects? This article explains how driving effective user behavior is key to maximizing technology ROI. It examines typical IT implementation practices and provides a vision for how we can improve ROI by changing how we approach projects. This is a must read article for anyone who wants to increase the success of their IT projects! tiger shark pool cleaner
ReplyDeleteDo you want to increase your return on investment (ROI) on technology projects? This article explains how driving effective user behavior is key to maximizing technology ROI. It examines typical IT implementation practices and provides a vision for how we can improve ROI by changing how we approach projects. This is a must read article for anyone who wants to increase the success of their IT projects! Tech articles
ReplyDeleteThanks to the Internet, and the latest innovations in technology, the confines of time and space have disappeared. Communication technology will help you better meet the increased expectations for the ever changing market. Strengthen your personal and business relationships by diagnosing the best channel for the specific relationship. youtube vanced download
ReplyDeleteIn the past few decades there has been a revolution in computing and communications, and all indications are that technological progress and use of information technology will continue at a rapid pace. Accompanying and supporting the dramatic increases in the power and use of new information technologies has been the declining cost of communications as a result of both technological improvements and increased competition. According to Moore's law the processing power of microchips is doubling every 18 months. These advances present many significant opportunities but also pose major challenges. Today, innovations in information technology are having wide-ranging effects across numerous domains of society, and policy makers are acting on issues involving economic productivity, intellectual property rights, privacy protection, and affordability of and access to information. Choices made now will have long lasting consequences, and attention must be paid to their social and economic impacts. https://readyresearch.com/best-car-seat-massagers/
ReplyDeleteIn the past few decades there has been a revolution in computing and communications, and all indications are that technological progress and use of information technology will continue at a rapid pace. Accompanying and supporting the dramatic increases in the power and use of new information technologies has been the declining cost of communications as a result of both technological improvements and increased competition. According to Moore's law the processing power of microchips is doubling every 18 months. These advances present many significant opportunities but also pose major challenges. Today, innovations in information technology are having wide-ranging effects across numerous domains of society, and policy makers are acting on issues involving economic productivity, intellectual property rights, privacy protection, and affordability of and access to information. Choices made now will have long lasting consequences, and attention must be paid to their social and economic impacts. Mp3 youtube
ReplyDeleteInformation Technology and the move to a computerized infrastructure model are bringing great changes to many industries. Often it is the CIO of the company who escort this fundamental shift in the business revenue stream. Leading others through modernization, revolutionize and transformation means you must be able to make changes yourself. call recorder app iphone
ReplyDeleteInformation Technology and the move to a computerized infrastructure model are bringing great changes to many industries. Often it is the CIO of the company who escort this fundamental shift in the business revenue stream. Leading others through modernization, revolutionize and transformation means you must be able to make changes yourself. cymondeals
ReplyDeleteThere is, of course, more than one type of math calculator. Having the right one to do the job is essential. We are so lucky to live in a day and age that gives us quick access to worlds of online math tools to help us succeed. Just a few clicks away online and the tools are available to help students with their homework or to help you figure out the answer for a work project your dealing with. hours calculator add
ReplyDeleteDo you want to increase your return on investment (ROI) on technology projects? This article explains how driving effective user behavior is key to maximizing technology ROI. It examines typical IT implementation practices and provides a vision for how we can improve ROI by changing how we approach projects. This is a must read article for anyone who wants to increase the success of their IT projects! kg to stone converter
ReplyDeleteLeader in developing embedded system projects, providing Engineering and SCADA solutions using Raspberry pi, Arduino and more.... embedded software architecture
ReplyDeleteOne aspect of business that is constant is that business processes will constantly change as technology opportunities evolve. Introducing new technologies to advance business goals is usually disruptive. Understanding and acting upon inherent pitfalls in the process of introducing new technologies as discussed in this article can make the process empowering. offshore web hosting
ReplyDeleteChanging Technology: Numerous manufacturers have been paying attention to this trend in the consumer market and are providing fans that meet the needs of today's consumer. The ease of assembly and use of pre-assembled components speed the installation of their products. Westinghouse Lighting Corporation has a line of fans that captures all of these needs and they claim can be installed in 15 minutes on average... best fan for large room
ReplyDeleteInnovation means technological change. The technology change results in practical implication or commercialization, it does not mean just generation of ideas. The importance of technological innovation in today's competitive economy is very clear, as today the worldwide economy depends on technology and technological innovation to an extraordinary degree. submit guest post about web design
ReplyDeletePut simply, web hosting is the service that allows you to have a website on the Internet. What is it and how to choose register and use it? We explain to the novice and the techno-phobic! best web hosting providers of 2020
ReplyDeleteTo some extent, one could essentially say that a web hosting service is simply one of many different types of internet service currently available, which makes it possible for individuals and businesses to have an online presence. However, the level of service provided can vary significantly. In its simplest form, we'd be looking at the hosting of things like single web page, and as is to be expected, this would only require a very basic level of processing. best web hosting reviews 2020
ReplyDeleteDo you want to increase your return on investment (ROI) on technology projects? This article explains how driving effective user behavior is key to maximizing temperature humidity test chamber supplier ROI. It examines typical IT implementation practices and provides a vision for how we can improve ROI by changing how we approach projects. This is a must read article for anyone who wants to increase the success of their IT projects!
ReplyDeleteToday world is driven by technology, and retail industry is catching up with all the new technologies to keep up their sales and customer satisfaction. There is no stopping now. Sky is the limit. xender for pc
ReplyDeleteEvery one of my bits of workmanship consolidate a part of the undefinable, the obscure the theoretical. I join my pop workmanship, oddity, present day craftsmanship and theoretical workmanship together to shape my individual style. Unique workmanship is enjoyable. real diamond painting
ReplyDeleteNewer, faster, shinier - these are all things that every product manager wants their product to be. Our hearts are filled with product lust when we see other products, in our space or not, that have the latest & greatest bells and whistles. Oh if only our product could have that cool new technology also. Hang on a minute, it turns out that our products might actually be more successful if they don't have that cool new technology... Carding Forum
ReplyDeleteNewer, faster, shinier - these are all things that every product manager wants their product to be. Our hearts are filled with product lust when we see other products, in our space or not, that have the latest & greatest bells and whistles. Oh if only our product could have that cool new technology also. Hang on a minute, it turns out that our products might actually be more successful if they don't have that cool new technology... check here
ReplyDeleteZend framework arrived in early 2005 and soon captured a fair share of the web development market. It arrived at a time when Ruby on Rails and Spring framework were showing promising future and gaining popularity in the development community. Its flexible architecture and MVC design gained it huge popularity at that time. Anger Management South Melbourne
ReplyDeleteI Like Technology. I'm conceding all the good and fun things that computer-based technology has brought into our lives; I'll not fight that battle. Not only would I lose any argument against the wonderful additions technology has made to our lives, I would be fighting against myself. But technology has the power to draw us in and cause us to lose perspective about what is happening. Just try talking to your child (or maybe your spouse or best friend) the next time some slick TV program or commercial is shimmering across the screen and you'll see what has all of their attention. electrician near me
ReplyDeleteTechnology is generally defined as the practical application of scientific knowledge in the commercial and industrial field. Have you ever tried to imagine how the business world would function without technology? Everybody will agree that technology is indeed essential for all businesses whether they are small or large. lg v20 wireless charging
ReplyDeleteThink about trailers and the first thing that comes to your mind would be the gigantic vehicles that carry new cars to showrooms. The trailer services are also popular in the auto transport industry. Basically a cargo trailer which is used for transporting goods and materials is an unpowered vehicle that is pulled by a powered vehicle. looking for this
ReplyDeleteI believe it is ethical to use the custom essay writing services. You do not still anything, you pay enough fair price for the service you use, you simply delegate the part of your work and can concentrate on what really matters to you. You are free to get an outside help and delegate your writing assignments to professional writers same as if you would get your watches fixed or car repaired by third party experts. Question Bank 2021
ReplyDeleteFive paragraph essay writing help is a guideline on how to write a correct five paragraph essay in the classic acceptable manner. It offers tips on what a five paragraph essay is its composition, and strategies on how to write one. Here are some tips on writing a five paragraph essay. Model Question Paper 2021
ReplyDeleteNewer, faster, shinier - these are all things that every product manager wants their product to be. Our hearts are filled with product lust when we see other products, in our space or not, that have the latest & greatest bells and whistles. Oh if only our product could have that cool new technology also. Hang on a minute, it turns out that our products might actually be more successful if they don't have that cool new technology... Xender For PC
ReplyDeleteTo hit gold in business, you have to think gold. What is your business all about? ways to get business
ReplyDeleteDo you want to be an Entrepreneur or a Small Business Owner? Is there a difference, and does it matter? There is a difference, and it's easy to confuse the two or use the two terms interchangeably. As you prepare to become your own boss, or if you have already started a small business, it's important to keep your long-term vision in mind. Doing so will help you determine the type of business you start and build, helping ensure that you achieve your definition of success. chair desk repair
ReplyDeleteHave you noted that when you go and read the news online, and read through the various stories from the syndicated websites that they usually have a technology section, and that technology section is filled with the latest gadgets, social networking methods, and any of the newest things coming from Silicon Valley? I have, and as a lover of technology, and coordinator for a think tank, I am disturbed by all this. Now then let me explain what I mean. digital camera for security
ReplyDeleteTechnology is in the society. The society is into technology. The society contributes the human and material resources necessary for technology to blossom. There is no denying the obvious fact that technology has indeed, blossomed. The point of discourse is what technology has taken, and is still taking away from the society in its course for growth. go here
ReplyDeleteFollowpc about technology related best apps for PC windows and Mac and we will guide you to How to use and How to install. our team will instruction to you. Best Android PC Suite For Windows
ReplyDeleteNewer, faster, shinier - these are all things that every product manager wants their product to be. Our hearts are filled with product lust when we see other products, in our space or not, that have the latest & greatest bells and whistles. Oh if only our product could have that cool new technology also. Hang on a minute, it turns out that our products might actually be more successful if they don't have that cool new technology... best supplies
ReplyDeleteSecurity guards are the protector and guardians of persons and their family or their belongings according to desire and wish of their clients. They either secure all these lives or property or any belongings by physically being on the spot or by surveillance cameras or detectors or by combinations. Security guards stands for the protection of their client and they are ought to either kill the invader or die but guard what they have to guard. Security Guard
ReplyDeleteFor many businesses today, there are many challenges that come along inhibiting success. It is, therefore, important to know the pitfalls that one can run into and the possible solutions. career
ReplyDeleteSecurity cameras are basically video cameras through which signals are transmitted to a specific set of monitors or places. Unlike broadcast televisions, signals of a security camera are not openly transmitted. Security cameras were first used in shops for keeping an eye on shop lifters and pilferers. With its increasing popularity, the cameras were being used in banks, hospitals, airports, offices, educational institutions, casinos and even homes. People started acknowledging the usefulness of cameras when several thefts and robberies were identified through it. Here we plan to explore few points that you must consider while buying a Camera. best installation service
ReplyDeleteTechnology is the leader of the enterprising world. And it leads using a constitution. Unlike the traditional political structure, this constitution is Algorithms written by engineers, scientists, etc and not congressmen and politicians. Gilbert Masonry
ReplyDeleteA lot of people are taking the present economic scenario seriously which is why a lot of them are no longer buying new vehicles. In order for you to save money and keep your cars in good health condition, you need to get them the necessary auto repair services as often as possible or as needed. You need to know that auto repair is a process that's important in prolonging the life of your car. Industrial Air Compressors
ReplyDeleteI Like Technology. I'm conceding all the good and fun things that computer-based technology has brought into our lives; I'll not fight that battle. Not only would I lose any argument against the wonderful additions technology has made to our lives, I would be fighting against myself. But technology has the power to draw us in and cause us to lose perspective about what is happening. Just try talking to your child (or maybe your spouse or best friend) the next time some slick TV program or commercial is shimmering across the screen and you'll see what has all of their attention. https://www.fuelfixer.co.uk/
ReplyDeleteAn electronic personal organizer is the answer to the modern-day problem of keeping track of things in today's fast-paced, on-the-go lifestyle. Before the turn of the 21st century, a day-timer or leather-bound organizer is all a business executive had, and without it, would be utterly lost. Fast Charger for Huawei
ReplyDeletevery nice put up, i certainly love this web site, keep on it adobe photoshop discount
ReplyDeleteNewer, faster, shinier - these are all things that every product manager wants their product to be. Our hearts are filled with product lust when we see other products, in our space or not, that have the latest & greatest bells and whistles. Oh if only our product could have that cool new technology also. Hang on a minute, it turns out that our products might actually be more successful if they don't have that cool new technology... site index
ReplyDeleteTechnology is the leader of the enterprising world. And it leads using a constitution. Unlike the traditional political structure, this constitution is Algorithms written by engineers, scientists, etc and not congressmen and politicians. delivery route planner
ReplyDeleteSoftware testing is an important part of the systems development life cycle. It has its own phase in the process and has its own specialised IT professionals. Why is it so important? What would happen if we didn't do software testing? Read on to find out more. delivery route planner
ReplyDeletedance schools that also offers free yoga classes would be very very nice* 메리트카지노
ReplyDeleteHave you noted that when you go and read the news online, and read through the various stories from the syndicated websites that they usually have a technology section, and that technology section is filled with the latest gadgets, social networking methods, and any of the newest things coming from Silicon Valley? I have, and as a lover of technology, and coordinator for a think tank, I am disturbed by all this. Now then let me explain what I mean. best to buy
ReplyDeleteConstruction jobs are one of the highest paid because of the risks involved in this line of work. Even the construction site alone is considered as a hazardous area because you will never know if you will be hit by a falling object on the head. This is why construction workers, before they enter the site are obligated to wear hard hats or helmets to protect their heads from falling objects. albañil zaragoza
ReplyDeleteThe use of computer technology has become a major part of the teaching process in the 21st century. As a young teacher you will be expected to use computer technology to enhance the learning of your students. However, you, as an inexperienced teacher, should begin with simple technology, slowly using only one form at a time. Over time you must gain experience in all forms of technology to add interest and real life data as well as efficiency to their teaching. This article is designed to help you to use technology successfully as quickly as possible. good security services company
ReplyDeleteConstruction industry websites are industry best practice for any company that intends to succeed in providing construction services. It has become the norm in the new market environment for anyone wanting any type of service to use the Internet to search for solutions providers. empresas de reformas integrales zaragoza
ReplyDeleteThe theory behind a Balance Bike is to children to focus on learning how to balance and then letting steering come naturally. Once these two concepts are mastered, children will find it far easier to learn how to pedal at the same time, and because of this, balance bikes have no pedals. This leaves the child free to concentrate on learning the art of balancing by sitting on the seat and propelling themselves forward, keeping one or two feet on the ground at all times. Electric Bikes Review
ReplyDeleteHomebuilders, construction specialists, and other professionals rely on construction adhesives in order to bond two surfaces together, as in the case of sub-floor installation projects. If you are someone who likes to take on repairs around the house or to do home renovation projects on your own you will need a dependable, high strength construction adhesive to help you accomplish professional-looking results. Perhaps you are thinking of installing hardwood flooring in your porch or installing new wall mirrors in your bathroom. A superior-performance construction adhesive delivers excellent bonding and sealing results, whether you're using wood, concrete, stone, or fiberglass. reformas zaragoza
ReplyDeleteInformation technology generally refers to all forms of technology used in the creation, storage, exchange and utilization of data, conversation and all multi-media forms of communication. With computer technology constantly changing and improving, businesses are being driven with the need for the right system that is based on the requirements and goals of their enterprise. They are considered business allies in an information-based economy. modifikasi motor
ReplyDeleteThank you for this specific material I had been seeking all Msn to be able to locate it! Auto verkaufen Kassel
ReplyDeletePretty cool post! It was so interesting with lots of cool tidbit. Thanks for sharing the info. Autoankauf
ReplyDeleteThe proper bike storage will guarantee your bikes are safe, organized, and always in a convenient place. Here are some of the best options to get anyone started in the right direction. satiator
ReplyDeleteSmall and mid-sized businesses don't understand what identity theft can do to their business until it is too late. These thieves can gain access to key accounts and drain them, many times, before the bank is aware of the act. The cost of can be enormous and can shut a business down. There are three key steps every business must take to protect against this kind of crime. Criminals act quickly, so, a business must work hard to implement these key steps to protect its money, image and future. security guard services
ReplyDeleteThere are now many different LG refrigerator water filters in the market that could ensure the provision of safe cold drinking water for your family. Because of this, you won't have any difficulty in finding water filters or replacement cartridges that could fit the model of LG refrigerator that you have in your home. order online
ReplyDeleteIs your old technology replaced with new technology before you're ready to let it go? And does technology sometimes move too fast? Or is it really just moving too slow? where to buy Surveillance system
ReplyDeleteAn explanation in simple terms of 2G and 3G Technology and what they mean for you in today's world. You will see how 3G Phones offer fantastic features including photo-editing, movie presentations and the World Wide Web. You can keep in touch with your friends with digital photos and other communications. Autoankauf Aachen
ReplyDeleteThe development of Wireless technology owes it all to Michael Faraday - for discovering the principle of electromagnetic induction, to James Maxwell - for the Maxwell's equations and to Guglielmo Marconi - for transmitting a wireless signal over one and a half miles. The sole purpose of Wireless technology is wireless communication, through which information can be transferred between two or more points that are not connected by electrical conductors. Wireless technologies were in use since the advent of radios, which use electromagnetic transmissions. Eventually, consumer electronics manufacturers started thinking about the possibilities of automating domestic micro-controller based devices. Timely and reliable relay of sensor data and controller commands were soon achieved, which led to the discovery of Wireless communications that we see everywhere now. best digital access control
ReplyDeleteFor those who enjoy their comforts but like to get into the great outdoors too, the good news is that you don't have to compromise on your comfort. Camper trailers have changed camping for the better, allowing you to bring the comforts of your home with you on your recreational adventures. Camper trailers are versatile and come in many forms to suit any needs. Carter
ReplyDeleteThe increasing importance of technology in every industry continues to drive the need for a diverse group of qualified professionals to manage the implementation and changes in technology. Pursuing a degree at a technology management graduate school can be the right step for beginning a rewarding career in the management of everything from computer hardware to information security within an organization. Overview of Technology Management Technology management professionals are in high demand because of the unique set of skills they possess. where to buy mitsubishi forklift
ReplyDeleteI was reading through some of your blog posts on this site and I think this web site is really instructive! Keep on putting up. Autodesk Product Design Suite 2021 Ultimate sale
ReplyDeleteWith most people plugged in all the time, I often wonder what effect technology is having on our kids. Some say technology is another helpful learning tool that is making our kids smarter and some say it is having no significant effect at all. Still, others propose that technology use is encouraging social isolation, increasing attentional problems, encouraging unhealthy habits, and ultimately changing our culture and the way humans interact. thoptv
ReplyDeleteWhen buying a new car many people don't know where they should search for car dealer sales. The new car dealership can be the best way to get to right price to the car that you desire. Autoankauf Oberhausen
ReplyDeleteHashtags have become part and parcel of your social media updates, but are you using them effectively? This article looks at how you should be using them to get maximum benefit. 먹튀해시태그
ReplyDeleteMajority of marketers today consider social media as the one of the most powerful tools to improve brand reputation. Successful social media marketing depends on having shareable content as well as being socially active. youtube smm panel
ReplyDeleteMost of people all over the world prefer to live simple and easy life. They are happy with their routine course of life. Nothing extraordinary entices them but the ones who are born with an adventurous streak are not content with it. They seek to take challenges in the form of adventures, as these people possess a voracious curiosity to do something extra ordinary or out of the world. Orange mountain bikes are for such adventurous souls. lightweight fiber road bicycle wheelset
ReplyDeleteWhen considering road bikes for sale, you'll find that there are different types of road bikes. Deciding on what type to choose can become a bit overwhelming. Determining what your needs are by thinking about what kind of riding you will be doing can help you decide. This article will help you learn what types and features are best suited for the different kinds of riding. This info will make your purchasing decision a bit easier. OEM customization
ReplyDeleteIt is quite clear to everybody that Apple has gained very much success in iPods. Now, it has tried to move a step further by launching apple service center near me iPhone. Apple has already dominated the music player industries but after introducing a mobile phone, it has just shaken the entire world.
ReplyDeleteCable is basically a one way street, most of the bandwidth goes TO the customer, uploads are slow. That includes outbound email, web servers, VPN to home users, VoIP to home users or other business sites, backup files, DFS replications, and so on. Businesses deserve much better than that. best free vpn reddit
ReplyDeleteSince cars are still machines, they will wear out and break down eventually. When that time comes, you'll need to perform your own auto repair tasks. This may be quite intimidating especially for DIY beginners, but it gets easier if you have a reliable car repair manual on hand. SS Braided Hose
ReplyDeleteGet out of the office and back in the classroom teaching yoga by saving time with the right yoga studio management software. Find out what to look for when choosing the ultimate yoga studio business software. windows 10 product key
ReplyDeleteMost software projects fail completely or partial failures because a small number of projects meet all their requirements. These requirements can be the cost, schedule, quality, or requirements objectives. According to many studies, failure rate of software projects is between 50% - 80%. This essay is a compilation of failure causes of software development projects; this essay summarises several areas that play a vital role in software project failure. microsoft office professional plus 2019 product key
ReplyDeleteTo be able to test electronic components accurately is essential to identifying faults for any electronic repairer. Top quality electronic testing equipment is therefore much sought after. gabelectrician.com/watford-electrician
ReplyDeleteMore and more people are discovering every day that a Virtual Private Network is worth investing in. Even home users are finding benefits of connecting to the internet via a private network. However, there are many providers to choose from, and not all of them offer the same benefits and value. What, exactly, is the best VPN provider? For many experts, NordVPN is a good place to start. free good vpn
ReplyDeleteMany organizations grapple. Grapple over the decision about which edition of Microsoft Office to license. Typically the two leading contenders are the Standard and Professional Editions of Microsoft Office. The single difference? Microsoft Access. microsoft office professional plus 2019 product key
ReplyDeleteGlad to be one of many visitants on this awesome site : D. For sale AutoCAD Civil 3D 2022
ReplyDeleteThere is no written evidence which can tell us exactly who has coined the phrase educational technology. Although developments in educational technology is of recent phenomenon, still plenty of research studies carried out separately in the field of technology and education during different time interval of the human civilization provides us some clues which can be treated as the source to study the history of educational technology. Beijing Soonercleaning Technology
ReplyDeleteWhen you want to purchase the things you need and want, one of the best places where you consider going is the shopping mall. Almost every city or town in the world has shopping centers. The existence of shopping malls has been a necessity nowadays. It is where you can find and shop for your basic necessities and the things you wish to buy with varying prices. There are a lot of shopping centers you can find in your area, but what makes a shopping mall perfect for shoppers is the list of things it can provide. Scraper API Promo Codes
ReplyDeleteWe live in an era of style even in the busy and hectic life. At times, it becomes very difficult for most of people to go to market to shop. Keeping in view the growing demand of online shopping, entrepreneurs have created many shopping portals online that are very inspiring and profitable for the customers. ScraperAPI.com Coupons
ReplyDeleteWhile a lot of people need a VPN for their home PCs in order to protect their personal Wi-Fi network and keep their ISPs from spying on them, there are still many smartphone and laptop users who need the best VPN for Android devices. This makes perfect sense, as you never know who else might be using that public Wi-Fi network at the hotel or coffee shop. Don't allow anyone to monitor your traffic - especially if you need to perform any banking or shopping. pianetastrega.com vpn
ReplyDeleteSometimes your blog is loading slowly, better find a better host..:~-. Adobe Illustrator CC 2021 for sale
ReplyDeleteThe information which you have provided is very good and essential for everyone. Keep sharing this kind of information. Thank you best smm panel
ReplyDeleteTo be honest your article is informative and very helpful. After I saw your site I read it and it helped me a lot. Thanks for sharing your kind information. cheap smm panel
ReplyDeleteThis is a smart blog. I mean it. You have an excellent knowledge about this topic. Thanks for sharing such a great blogs to us. reseller smm panel service
ReplyDeleteWeb hosting is becoming extremely popular today, and more and more companies are starting to offer this type of web hosting services. But with so much competition, and so many different hosts out there, how are you supposed to choose? There are some questions that you can ask web hosting companies through online help like how they plan to manage network failure? This will help you understand and analyze reliability. Web Hosting
ReplyDeleteسلام من با خرید رای فیک و فالوور ایرانی از سایت مای ممبر, اعتبار سایتمو زیاد کردم
ReplyDeletehttps://mymember.shop/رای-فیک-اینستاگرام
یکی از راه های افزایش ویو، خرید ویو اینستاگرام ارزان از سایت مای ممبر است و همچنین شما میتوانید با خرید رای فیک به اعتبار خود بی افزائید
ReplyDeletehttps://mymember.shop/خرید-ویو-پست-اینستاگرام
Excellent job, this is important information which is shared by you. This information is meaningful and factual for us to increase our knowledge about it. Always keep sharing this type of information. Thanks. Cheapest Smm Panel
ReplyDeleteReally very happy to say,your post is very interesting to read.I never stop myself to say something about it.You’re doing a great job.Keep it up
ReplyDeletesmm panel
I have learned some new things from a blog post. One more thing to I have recognized is that normally, FSBO sellers will reject people. Remember, they would prefer to never use your solutions. But if a person maintain a reliable, professional romance, offering assistance and remaining in contact for four to five weeks, you will usually have the capacity to win interviews. From there, a house listing follows. Cheers Buy Adobe Illustrator CC 2021 for sale
ReplyDeleteIf technology in the classroom is effective; why do many students dislike it so much? The effectiveness of technology use in the classroom has become a controversial issue. While many teachers and students feel that it's best to use technology because it enhances teaching many others feel that it causes too many challenges and that it is a waste of time. If technology is as effective in the classroom as many teachers believe it to be; why do some students dislike it so much? Gaming PC
ReplyDeleteThe provision of access to websites and storage space to individuals and companies who owns websites is known as web hosting. This Internet Hosting service enables organizations and individuals to make the sites that they own accessible on the World Wide Web. The service also allows organizations and individuals to serve content on their web sites. Formation WordPress CPF
ReplyDeleteIn case of a catheter insertion task shown above, the surgical tools using line segments and the catheter using a set of points uniformly distributed along the catheter’s center line and connected with springs and dampers. Using our point based haptic rendering method; the collisions between the flexible catheter and the inner surface of a flexible vessel are detected to compute interaction forces.
ReplyDeleteFor Details visit CCTV Camera Installation Noida
In this century playing outdoors is a rare thing to happen. Kids like to play at home with their smartphone and play video games. Yet, you can make a play zone that your kids will love and make them roused to go out and have great family time. You simply need a few hints and fundamentals in this intriguing activity. Locate some valuable data in the connection underneath.
ReplyDeletehttps://www.websitetrafficonline.com/outdoor-play-area-designs-that-will-keep-your-kids-entertained-all-summer/
The information you've provided is useful because it provides a wealth of knowledge that will be highly beneficial to me. Thank you for sharing about cheapest panel. Keep up the good work.
ReplyDeleteThe blog and data is excellent and informative as well social media smm panel
ReplyDeleteGreat Post, this is giving more valuable information and contains a lot of information. This post is very useful for me as well as for others so please share more posts like this. Thanks for sharing. active youtube subscribers
ReplyDeleteThank you for putting all these strategies into a very readable place. It shows your ability and great skills. keep sharing such article in future. SMM Panel Provider
ReplyDeletePurchasing boiler chemicals can be confusing. There are many different chemical companies that sell boiler chemicals and there is always a large difference in pricing between companies. So how do you know who you can trust when purchasing your chemicals? Here are two important things you need to know when purchasing boiler chemicals. Where to buy Caluanie Muelear Oxidize from USA
ReplyDelete"Shopping" for some is just a ritual whereas others look at it as an indulging and exciting experience and still, a few others tag it as a taxing and tiring activity. Your college going kids & single friends would always spring into action on the idea of shopping and with that big smile on their lips, say "Let's go shopping!" The same expressions take a 360 degree turn, as you get to the parenting age. Now, you and your spouse would rather be busy dropping your kids to school, working with them on their homework assignments. The responses to any shopping plans would rather be answered with a grimace or a grin with excuses like 'Let us plan for the weekend' or 'Hey honey, why don't you go ahead this time. I'll join some other time!' Does this not sound familiar to you? I know, it absolutely does! igloo retro fanny pack
ReplyDeleteWhen it comes to technology solutions for your business it is easy to get carried away with the latest-and-greatest gadgets and solutions. Everyone wants to have the latest shiny thing. In larger organizations, managing technology can become burdensome due to competing and duplicative technology requests. Left unfettered, the company technology platform can resemble a "spaghetti bowl" over time. Often is the case, new technology requests are submitted without any business case to support their investment. Design Thinking
ReplyDeleteSchools across the globe are going through a growth spurt of sorts, which is both painful and unavoidable. I'm talking, of course, about technology integration. Maybe your class is using a COW (Computer on Wheels) cart once a week or maybe every student in your school is suddenly holding an iPad and administrators are throwing around the dreaded phrase "going paperless." AM.CO.ZA
ReplyDeleteThe use of computer technology has become a major part of the teaching process in the 21st century. As a young teacher you will be expected to use computer technology to enhance the learning of your students. However, you, as an inexperienced teacher, should begin with simple technology, slowly using only one form at a time. Over time you must gain experience in all forms of technology to add interest and real life data as well as efficiency to their teaching. This article is designed to help you to use technology successfully as quickly as possible. AM.CO.ZA
ReplyDeleteI think more writers should take care to write with passion like you. Even informational articles like this can have personality. That’s what you have interjected in this informative article. Your views are very unique. bengal cat for sale near me
ReplyDeleteThe subsequent time I learn a weblog, I hope that it doesnt disappoint me as much as this one. I imply, I do know it was my choice to learn, but I really thought youd have one thing interesting to say. All I hear is a bunch of whining about something that you might fix in case you werent too busy looking for attention. rattan office chair factories
ReplyDeleteYou need to indulge in a tournament first of the finest blogs on the internet. I am going to suggest this blog! situs slot online
ReplyDeleteThere are some fundamental characteristics that are exhibited my most successful testers that help them do well in this job market. If you are looking for video game tester jobs it certainly helps to enjoy playing these kinds of games, and in most cases the time spent in gaming activities has improved your eye-hand coordination to the point that you have good gaming skills and an understanding of game play beyond the average person. top discord servers
ReplyDeleteMua vé máy bay tại Aivivu, tham khảo
ReplyDeletemua ve may bay di my
vé máy bay từ mỹ về việt nam hãng ana
vé máy bay từ canada về việt nam giá rẻ
đặt vé từ nhật về việt nam
mua vé máy bay từ hàn quốc về việt nam
Vé máy bay từ Đài Loan về VN
vé máy bay đi du lịch hàn quốc
Newer, faster, shinier - these are all things that every product manager wants their product to be. Our hearts are filled with product lust when we see other products, in our space or not, that have the latest & greatest bells and whistles. Oh if only our product could have that cool new technology also. Hang on a minute, it turns out that our products might actually be more successful if they don't have that cool new technology... https://www.ozaironline.com.au/pages/air-conditioning-north-shore
ReplyDeleteOne aspect of business that is constant is that business processes will constantly change as technology opportunities evolve. Introducing new technologies to advance business goals is usually disruptive. Understanding and acting upon inherent pitfalls in the process of introducing new technologies as discussed in this article can make the process empowering. 403 forbidden wordpress error
ReplyDeleteVery nice article. I enjoyed reading your post. very nice share. I want to twit this to my followers. Thanks ! 24/7 security guard services
ReplyDeleteInnovation means technological change. The technology change results in practical implication or commercialization, it does not mean just generation of ideas. The importance of technological innovation in today's competitive economy is very clear, as today the worldwide economy depends on technology and technological innovation to an extraordinary degree. self help
ReplyDeleteInnovation means technological change. The technology change results in practical implication or commercialization, it does not mean just generation of ideas. The importance of technological innovation in today's competitive economy is very clear, as today the worldwide economy depends on technology and technological innovation to an extraordinary degree. Buy antminer online
ReplyDeleteInnovation means technological change. The technology change results in practical implication or commercialization, it does not mean just generation of ideas. The importance of technological innovation in today's competitive economy is very clear, as today the worldwide economy depends on technology and technological innovation to an extraordinary degree. Rust language
ReplyDeleteThe age of modern day learning has arrived. It is no longer a matter of whether we want to integrate technology and education; it is a necessity. The reality poses an immense problem and threat to the longstanding educational institutions that have for the most part remained unchanged for nearly a century. Who would have imagined that the alphabet's letter "E" would forever transform the face of education to E-Ducation? Dutch defense
ReplyDeleteDo you want to increase your return on investment (ROI) on technology projects? This article explains how driving effective user behavior is key to maximizing technology ROI. It examines typical IT implementation practices and provides a vision for how we can improve ROI by changing how we approach projects. This is a must read article for anyone who wants to increase the success of their IT projects! Tax clearance certificates
ReplyDeleteThere are many popular home improvements that people constantly want or need. However, these improvements normally don't come cheap, causing many people to turn to home improvement loans in order to make their dreams come true. Whether it's to buy a new conservatory, dream kitchen, modern bathroom or maybe to have a garage built. smash and grab installation
ReplyDeleteOne creative way to get started investing in real estate is to use a lease option. The biggest advantage of using lease options to invest in real estate is -- control. This method of investing, basically gives the investor the right to possess -- be in control of -- and profit from a property without owning it. property value
ReplyDeletehttps://34.101.69.123/ Pragmatic Play adalah penyedia permainan terkemuka dalam wilayah teregulasi di seluruh dunia, untuk slot online, live kasino, bingo, scratchcards, dan lainnya.
ReplyDeletePay4d Mari Bergabung Bersama Pay4D Untuk perusahaan Start-Up, Pay4D adalah solusi yang tepat bagi anda Sekaranglah waktu yang tepat untuk anda berinvestasi bersama Pay4D. dan mulai membangun brand anda menjadi salah satu merk judi terbesar di Indonesia. Menjadi partner terbaik anda adalah visi terbesar Pay4D. Maju dan Sukses bersama.
ReplyDeleteLive casino online terpercaya yang sudah terbukti di indonesia yang telah tersebar luas ke semua kalangan penjudi besar maupun pemain receh, dan juga slot online terlengkap yang sangat di minati oleh semua kalangan, karena mudah dimainkan tanpa harus belajar bermain slot, untuk member depe4d yang masih takut atau tidak mengerti untuk bermain slot kami sudah menyediakan game demo slot online. Kunjungi link alternatif pay4d
ReplyDeleteSitus slot online Depe4d adalah situs slot online terbesar dan terpercaya di indonesia. Menyediakan semua jenis permainan game online yang bisa anda mainkan dengan 1 user id saja. Segera daftar dan menangkan bonus new member terbesarnya.
ReplyDeleteThe increasing importance of technology in every industry continues to drive the need for a diverse group of qualified professionals to manage the implementation and changes in technology. Pursuing a degree at a technology management graduate school can be the right step for beginning a rewarding career in the management of everything from computer hardware to information security within an organization. Overview of Technology Management Technology management professionals are in high demand because of the unique set of skills they possess. Buy antminer online
ReplyDeleteTechnology is generally defined as the practical application of scientific knowledge in the commercial and industrial field. Have you ever tried to imagine how the business world would function without technology? Everybody will agree that technology is indeed essential for all businesses whether they are small or large. heating system Magnolia
ReplyDeleteFinding the best battery charger for cars is a must if there are long downtimes between drives. Having the best battery charger for your car can keep it from losing power and leaving you stranded. 100Ah LiFePO4 Battery
ReplyDeletevirginia traffic court reckless drivingthanks for the sharing amazing experience
ReplyDeleteIncresermaster provides competitive pricing for increasing Telegram group visibility. telegram Smm panel
ReplyDelete